chauvinism

摘自vikipedia（该网站好像不能直接访问，可能是由于有不符合本地政策的内容或者是网络故障？具体原因不知，反正现在好像是不能直接访问）

Chauvinism is extreme and unreasoning partisanship on behalf of a group to which one belongs, especially when the partisanship includes malice and hatred towards a rival group. Jingoism is a similar term of British derivation. A frequent contemporary use of the term in English is male chauvinism, which refers to the belief that males are superior to females. A similar concept discussed by a few misandry researchers is female chauvinism, or the belief that females are superior to males.

The term is derived from the undocumented Nicolas Chauvin, whose legend made him out to be a soldier under Napoleon Bonaparte whose fanatical zeal for his Emperor induced him, though wounded seventeen times in the Napoleonic Wars, to continue nevertheless to fight for France. It is claimed he yelled in the Battle of Waterloo when the French were finally defeated: "The Old Guard dies but does not surrender!", implying blind and unquestioned zeal to one's country [or other group of reference].

The origin and early usage indicate that chauvinisme was coined to describe excessive nationalism, and the original French term retains this meaning today. The term entered public use due to a satirical treatment of Chauvin in the French play La Cocarde Tricolore (The Tricolore Cockade).

沙文主义（chauvinism）原指极端的、不合理的、过分的爱国主义（因此也是一种民族主义）。如今的含義也囊括其他領域，主要指盲目熱愛自己所處的團體，並經常對其他團體懷有惡意與仇恨。

词源是拿破仑手下的一名士兵尼古拉·沙文（Nicolas Chauvin），他由于获得军功章对拿破仑感恩戴德，对拿破仑以军事力量征服其他民族的政策狂热崇拜。而“沙文主义”这个名词則首先出现在法国的一部戏剧“三色帽徽”中，以讽刺的口吻描写沙文的这种情绪。後来这个词被广泛应用，如大国沙文主义、民族沙文主义等，還曾被女权运动的领袖用於“男人沙文主义”（相当于汉语中的“大男子主义”）。英語中有一個對等的詞，是Jingoism。所以經過演变，如今“沙文主義”這個詞在英語中更多場合中指種族歧視與性別歧視，尤其是後者。